Evaluating medical certificate as Legal Evidence: A Comprehensive Analysis

Sourav Shekhar,

RNB Global University

Introduction

Medical certificates are an important document for the involvement in a large number of legal processes. A qualified medical professional issues one with this document, containing a description of an individual's health condition, injury, or even the cause of death. Medical certificates can completely change the course of a case. This is because they are accurate, reliable, and relevant. This paper discusses the different types of medical certificates, their main characteristics, legal framework, and importance in different legal processes.

Types of Medical Certificates

1. Medical Fitness Certificates: These are documents confirming that a person is fit both physiologically and psychologically and thus in most cases required for work and travel, or other purposes of interest.

2.  Death Certificates: identify the cause, manner, and time of death, useful in criminal cases, settling insurance claims, and inheritance cases.

3. Injury Reports: describe the nature and extent of injuries, thus used in personal injury claims, criminal assault, and traffic accident cases.

4. Psychiatric Reports: Informs about mental health status and may affect competency, custody, or criminal cases.

Key Aspects of Evidentiary Value

Accuracy and Reliability: The certificate must be accurate and contain no mistake in the medical findings. It should be issued by a proficient and competent doctor. The inconsistencies or inaccuracies in a medical certificate make it of no value as evidence. 

Relates to the Case: It should relate directly to the relevant legal issues there. It should furnish information that is clear and relevant to the support or refutation of claims or defences in the case. 

Expert Testimony: Sometimes the medical officer who had prepared it may be a witness in court. The testimony of the said officer may explain the findings and thus enhance the value of the medical certificate. 

Corroboration: Medical certificates can be made best use of when there are corroborative statements, forensic reports, or supporting other medical records by witnesses. Corroborative evidence strengthens the case by showing a full picture. 

Legal Framework and Standards

Admissibility Standards: A medical certificate is admissible in the court of law if it meets the legal requirements in terms of standards and procedures. The authority issuing the certificate has to be duly recognized, and the format of the documents has to be presented in the correct method. The use of medical certificates in a court of law is dictated by the enforceability of the statutory laws and procedural laws and rules. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 in Section 45 allows the court to delve into the opinions of the persons competent to give such opinions, amongst them, the experts from the field of medicine The assertion thus has to be relevant to the matters in issue before the court, the specifics provided from the expert should not be impeachable as also the method and qualifications used. Medical evidence must maintain an absolutely uninterrupted chain of custody. The chain of custody is a documentation process that identifies the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical items of evidence or electronic files. A missing link in the above chain can raise several questions regarding the integrity and reliability of the presented medical evidence.

Judicial Scrutiny: Judges carefully scrutinize the contents of the medical certificates, credibility of the authority issuing the same, and other evidence on whether or not the findings are consistent

Case Law and Precedents: Courts, in general, take into account judicial precedents and guidelines on value and utility of medical certificate 

Chain of Custody: The Chain of Custody of the medical evidence has to be complete to ascertain its integrity and reliability. Any link in this chain can raise issues about the certificate's genuineness.

Cross-Examination: A medical certificate can be challenged and cross-examined by the opposing counsels. The probative value of such a certificate is mainly dependent on the skills of the medical expert in withstanding the cross-examination of the findings. 

Judicial Interpretation: The judges interpret the value of medical certificates by the contents of the certificate, the creditability of the professional, and its relevancy in the matter of issue[i]. And judicial precedents and guidelines also play quite an important role in interpreting and giving value to the facts derived from such certificates. 

Importance in Various Legal Contexts

Criminal Cases: To determine the cause of death, nature of injuries, and the time of injury, medical certificates are proved to be very important[ii]. They are decisive in assault, homicide, and sexual offenses.

Civil Cases: In personal injury claims, medical certificates substantiate the degree of injuries and the effect of injuries on the life of an injured person. They may also influence compensation and liability judgments.

Family Law: Psychiatric reports and medical certificates may impact on cases of custody in determining parental fitness on the part of one or both the parents and the best interest of the child. 

Insurance Claims: Medical certificates make health claims, disability claims, and in life insurance cases. Rightful documentation is necessary for rightful claims to be entertained.

Case Analysis: Golu @ Dhurpal vs. State Of Madhya Pradesh

Court	High Court of Madhya Pradesh
Date of Order	July 1, 2024
Case No.	CRM-M-21234-2024 Judge: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Sunil Kumar

Parties:

Petitioner	Golu @ Dhurpal
Respondent	The State of Madhya Pradesh

Case Background:

An FIR was lodged against Golu @ Dhurpal, under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, whereby he was accused of murdering and making a reasonable attempt to cause disappearance of evidence of the offense. He has been accused by the complainant that he has committed the murder along with other co-accused, and now attempts to destroy the evidence. The prosecution and the defence teams made much reliance on a medico-legal report in the establishment of the cause of death and nature of injuries sustained by the victim, which to the other side would be contested in its accuracy and relevance.

Description of Incident

The complainant alleged that Golu and his henchmen committed the murder of the victim and in the attempt to destroy evidence he threw away the body. The prosecution has furnished medico-legal report furnished by witness, to prove the cause of death and nature of injuries.

The same was disputed by the defence that it does not support the prosecution case.

Issues :

1. Whether the medico-legal report has rightly exhibited the cause of death and nature of injuries as alleged by prosecution.

2. Impact of medico-legal evidence on the prosecution case and defence plea.

Decision:

In this background, the High Court of Madhya Pradesh has delved into the role of a medicolegal report to prove the allegations levelled against the petitioner. The Court mentioned that the said report shall not only be consistent with the evidence but its veracity for determination of cause of death and nature of injuries is also of prime consideration.

 Reasons:

Medical Examination of the Deceased: The Court has noted the import of a proper postmortem examination to ascertain the cause of death and the nature of the injuries in case of murder.

Appreciation of Evidence: The Court has observed that the medical legal report would diminish the case of the prosecution, as well as the argument of the defense, at the point of inconsistency or flaw. An inference as to the involvement of the petitioner is expected to be drawn based on this report, and therefore, its credibility is of a huge import.

Dicta:

The Court stressed the dependability of such medico-legal evidence in criminal matters. It further laid down that medical evidence should be right and true and shall be the very foundation of fair trial.

Arguments of the parties:

Argument of the Petitioner: She contested the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the medico-legal report, which, as per her, had failed to substantiate the case of the prosecution in relation to the cause of death and injuries sustained. Thereby, there was a contradiction in her claim that there is no correlative evidence.

State's Arguments: The State submitted that the medico-legal was a report corroborating the prosecution version of charges under murder and tampering with evidence on record. According to it, it was accurate, and fully supported the prosecution version.

This case points to yet one more reason the victim is of paramount importance in criminal investigations, defence, and prosecution of heinous crime like murder. Medical evidence for prosecutorial legal claims and defences of an offense must be accurate and reliable; integrity in the various judicial processes heavily depends on the credibility of medical-legal evidence.

Landmark Cases:

State of Maharashtra v. Suresh (2000)[iii] 

The Supreme Court of India also observed that medical evidence is an expert opinion and has to be treated as an expert opinion but cannot be made conclusive merely because it is an expert opinion until it is corroborated by other substantive evidence

The judgment had laid emphasis that medical reports need to be subjected to a detailed scrutiny along with the other circumstances. 

Ram Swaroop v. State of Rajasthan (2002)[iv]:

This case highlighted the fact that it was the consistency of the medical certificates with the case for the prosecution that was the material point. Any inconsistency just creates doubt in the credibility of the evidence.

The court made the point that the need for clear, precise medical reporting is mandatory to prevent miscarriages of justice.

Current Legal Landscape:

The current legal regime remains strictly attached to the guiding principles laid in these precedents. It makes a claim for the production of medical evidence in a court of law in a manner that it is true, trustworthy, and verified;

Forensic advancements supplemented by medical evidence are being legally adopted as modes of proving all kinds of assertions and pleas in both criminal and civil matters, before the Honorable Courts.

Conclusion

Medical certificates stand as the best piece of evidence before a court of law. These certificates, if correct, reliable, and supported by other evidence, play a very vital role in proving facts and influencing judicial decisions for dispensation of justice. The case of Golu @ Dhurpal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh serves to illustrate the involvement of medico-legal reports in criminal trials, where careful scrutiny and judicial interpretation become very essential for the integrity of the judicial process. Accurate medical documentation and expert testimony are very necessary.

References:

1.  Sarkar, S. C. (2010). Law of Evidence. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur.

2.  Ratanlal & Dhirajlal. (2017). The Law of Evidence. LexisNexis.

3.  Kusum Sharma v. Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, (2010) 3 SCC 480.

4.  Jakki @ Hakkim vs. State, 2019 SCC OnLine Mad 33126.

5.  Kumar, A. (2021). "The Evidentiary Value of Medical Certificates in Legal Proceedings." Journal of Indian Law and Society, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 120-135.

6.  Singh, R. (2019). "Role of Medical Evidence in Criminal Trials." Indian Law Review, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 95-112.

7.   Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

8.  Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

9.  Indian Kanoon. "Medical Certificates as Evidence." 

10.  Legal Service India. "The Importance of Medical Evidence in Court Proceedings."

[i] KUSUM SHARMA V. BATRA HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE, (2010) 3 SCC 480

[ii] JAKKI @ HAKKIM VS. STATE, 2019 SCC ONLINE MAD 33126 

[iii] AIRONLINE 1999 SC 169

[iv] AIR 2004 SC 2943