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Prabuddha Dhanaji Kale,
DES's Shree Navalmal Firodia Law College
Introduction
The legal rights of prisoners figure largely in several international justice and human rights frameworks. A prisoner is any person who, on being deprived of his liberty under such conditions as are prescribed by this Protocol, shall enjoy immunity from war crimes provided that no criminal proceedings have been instituted against him. These rights, currently protected by a plethora of legal and normative instruments include the prohibition against race, sex, or religious discrimination; the right to food and clean water; due process in judicial proceedings; and interdiction on torture or violence. The safeguards and humane treatment, which an internee is to be treated with, are provided for under the Internees Security Act 1992 along with other key legislation such as the Prisoners Act1989; Transfer of Prisons (Amendment) Ordinance.
Understanding the Legal Rights of Prisoners
The word prisoner means any person who's kept under guardianship in jail or captivity because he or she committed an act banned by the law for land. A prisoner is also known as a capture. Who's against their will, is deprived of Liberty? This Liberty can be deprived strongly, subdued, or confinement internee’s rights deal with the rights of convicts while behind bars. captures have introductory legal rights that cannot be taken down from them. The introductory right includes the right to food and water. right, to have an attorney to defend himself protection from torture, protection from violence, and ethical importunity Section one of the Internet’s Security Act, 1992 defines the term internet as the word internet means any person. For the time being, in captivity, as a result of any demand assessed by a court or else, that he be detained in a legal guardianship. This paper presents the right of the internet in a detail related to the case law.
Important procedures regarding the prisoner's right
Accommodation and sanitary conditions for the prisoners. Provision regarding the mental and physical state of the prisoners. Examination of a prisoner by a qualified medical practitioner. Separation of a prisoner for male-female criminal civil and convicted under the trial prisoner provision for the treatment under the trial. Civil prisoner peril and temporary leaves of the prisoner, another important enactment for the protection of the prisoner act is the Prisoners Act 1990. As for the provision of this act, it is a duty of the government to remove any prisoner detail under any order or a sentence of any court which is of unsound mind to a lunatic asylum and other places where he shall be given proper treatment Any court which is a high court may in case in which it has recommended to government the granting of a free pardon to any prison permit him to be at Liberty on his own cognitions 3rd important law relating to the protection of a prisoner in India is the transfer of a prisoners act 1950. This act was enacted to further transfer prisoners from one state to another for rehabilitation or occasional training. And for overpopulated, just to less cognizes jail within the step the prisoner’s attendance in the course act 1955. This contained the provision authorizing the removal of the prisoner to civil or criminal court for a piece of giving evidence or for answering the charges of an offense.
National Conference
In a national conference on a human right of a prisoner on 19 November 1955, the consequences emerged of the draft law on prisoners, a core group prepared a draft bill, namely the Indian Prison Act. 1955 which was circulated to the state government for their consideration, and also to the Ministry of Law. But the bill is still pending under the consideration of the government of India.
Some important relevant rules
The principle of equality should be prevailed. There shall be no discrimination on the ground or for race, sex, color, religion, political or other opinion. National or social origin property, birth, or other status among the prisoner. Men and women shall be so far as possible. Be detained in a separate institution. Complete separation between the civic prisoners and prisoners in prison by the region of a criminal offense. Young prisoners should be kept separate from the adult prisoner. All is sort of a cruel inhuman and degrading punishment shall be completely prohibited. Availability of at least 1 qualified medical officer with the knowledge of the psychiatrist. Convention against torture and other cruel or degrading treatment around punishment. The convention states that the state party has to take effective legislative judicial and other measures to prevent an act of torture. No state party shall expel return or extradite a person who is in danger of being subject to torture. The state party should ensure that all the acts of torture are offenses under criminal law. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution gives a right to freedom of speech and expression whereas Article 19 guarantees two freedoms for prisoners one is article 19(1) (a) and Article 19(1)(c) talks about the right of freedom of speech and expression and the other one talks about the right to become a member of an association respectively.
The European Convention
On a human right. This convention has its history in the importance of human rights, some of the important provisions of the convention are No one shall be deprived of his life, intentionally said in the execution of the sentence of the court, following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided. No one shall be subject to inhuman treatment or degrading treatment or punishment. Everyone will be deprived of his liberty by arrest. Shall we be entitled to take a proceeding by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided Speed relief by the court and his release be ordered if the detention is not lawful everyone who has been the victim of arrest in contravention of the provision shall have the enforceable right to the compensation.
Certain important cases decided by the Supreme Court regarding the prisoner
Sunil Batra Vs Delhi Administration
Background: Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration, 1978: The case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India on prisoners' rights and conditions in prisons. The Prisoner on death row Sunil Batra moved a petition against cruel treatment and claimed the enforcement of fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution applicants.
In this case, there was a convict named Sunil Batra, who was being tortured by the jail warden he was brutally beaten by jail authorities with an iron rod. In its historic judgment, the apex court held that prisoners are entitled to all fundamental rights, and protection of prisoners under prisons is their right, there have also been several declarations adopted by the UN General Assembly that protect prisoners from any kind of inhuman treatment by the jail authorities.
DBM Patnaik vs State of Andhra Pradesh
Background: The case of D.B.M. Patnaik vs State of Andhra Pradesh (1974) before the Supreme Court of India when challenged summary procedure leading not falling for contention by the state as if punitive measures shall n0t be on proper judicial examination, underlining inmates held they do have Fundamental Rights unless are detained behind bars but then made it clear such rights can only be stopped from them so far they are contradictory with their detainment system.
His petitioners, prisoners at the Central Jail in Vizagapatam, sought the removal of armed police guards and the dismantling of a live wire electrical mechanism atop the jail walls. They claimed that having police around violated their rights and considered the use of wire, as unconstitutional. The opposing party argued that more security was needed due to the lack of jail staff and the presence of prisoners. The court decided that although prisoners have rights having police guards outside the prison does not violate those rights. There was no evidence of treatment but the court criticized outdated disciplinary methods. The use of a wire, without legal approval was deemed unjustifiable. Since prisoners do not possess a right to escape, installing the wire did not infringe on their rights. As a result, the petition was rejected by the court.
Conclusion
Life is bigger than animal being. The rights of Article 21 are available to all persons, without exception and even the State cannot deprive a person of his life or personal liberty, except by procedure established by law. While being detained and frowned upon by society, a prisoner should continue to enjoy all freedoms except those that are relevantly limited. Even when they are behind bars, it does not mean that their basic rights should be denied. We must remember that prisoners are humans too and their human rights should never be infringed by any others.
References:
1. Garima M. Article Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research | IJLLR
2. Prasad Ms. Malobika Bose & Unnati Singh Articles Indian Journal of Law and
3. DBM Patnaik Vs State of Andhrapradesh D. Bhuvan Mohan Patnaik & Ors vs State
4. Sunil Batra Vs Delhi Administration Sunil Batra vs Delhi Administration on 20 December, 1979 (indiankanoon.org)
5. TRANSFER OF PRISONERS ACT, 1950 Microsoft Word - Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950.doc (mha.gov.in)
6. Prisoners Act of 1990 the_prisoners_act_1900.pdf (indiacode.nic.in)